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Delaware's history is a
long and proud one. Early explorations of our coastline were
made by the Spaniards and Portuguese in the sixteenth century,
by Henry Hudson in 1609 under the auspices of the Dutch, by
Samuel Argall in 1610, by Cornelius May in 1613, and by
Cornelius Hendricksen in 1614.
During a storm, Argall was blown off course and sailed into a
strange bay which he named in honor of his governor. It is
doubtful that Lord De La Warr ever saw, or explored, the bay,
river, and state which today bears his name. In 1631, 11 years
after the landing of the English pilgrims at Plymouth,
Massachusetts, the first white settlement was made on Delaware
soil.
A group of Dutchmen formed a trading company headed by Captain
David Pietersen de Vries for the purpose of enriching
themselves from the New World. The expedition of about 30
individuals sailed from the town of Hoorn under the leadership
of Captain Peter Heyes in the ship De Walvis (The Whale).
Their settlement, called Zwaanendael, meaning valley of swans,
was located near the present town of Lewes on the west bank of
the Lewes Creek, today the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal.
Arriving in the New World in 1632 to visit the colony, Captain
de Vries found the settlers had been killed and their
buildings burned by the Indians.
No further attempts at colonization were made on Delaware soil
until 1638, when the Swedes established their colony in
present Wilmington, which was not only the first permanent
settlement in Delaware, but in the whole Delaware River Valley
and North America. The first expedition, consisting of two
ships, Kalmar Nyckel (Key of Kalmar) and Vogel Grip (Griffen),
under the leadership of Peter Minuit, landed about March 29.
The location of the first Swedish settlement was at "The
Rocks," on the Christina River, near the foot of Seventh
Street. A fort was built called Fort Christina after the young
queen of Sweden, and the river was likewise named for her.
The most important Swedish governor was Colonel Johan Printz,
who ruled the colony under Swedish law for ten years, from
1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Rising, who upon his
arrival in 1654, seized the Dutch post, Fort Casmir, which the
governor of the Colony of New Netherlands had built in 1651,
on the site of the present town of New Castle.
Rising governed the Swedish Colony from his headquarters at
Fort Christina until the autumn of 1655, when Peter Stuyvesant
came from New Amsterdam with a Dutch fleet, subjugated the
Swedish forts, and established the authority of the Colony of
New Netherlands throughout the area formerly controlled by the
Colony of New Sweden. This marked the end of Swedish rule in
Delaware, but the cultural, social, and religious influence of
these Swedish settlers has had a lasting effect upon the
cultural life of the people in this area and upon subsequent
westward migrations of many generations. Old Swedes (Holy
Trinity) Church built by the Swedes at Wilmington in 1698 was
supplied by the Mother Church with missionaries until after
the Revolution. It is one of the oldest Protestant Churches in
North America.
Fort Christina State Park in Wilmington, with the fine
monument created by the noted sculptor, Carl Milles, and
presented by the people of Sweden, perpetuates the memory of
these first settlers and preserves "The Rocks" where they
first landed.
Following the seizure of the colony of New Sweden, the Dutch
restored the name of Fort Casmir and made it the principal
settlement of the Zuidt or South River as contrasted with the
North or Hudson River. In a short time the area within the
fort was not large enough to accommodate all the settlers so
that a town, named New Amstel (now New Castle), was laid out.
The year 1681 marked the granting of the Province of
Pennsylvania to William Penn by King Charles II and the
arrival of Penn's agents on the Delaware River. They soon
reported to the proprietor that the new province would be
landlocked if the colonies on either side of the Delaware
River or Bay were hostile. As a result of Penn's petition to
the Crown for the land on the west side of the Delaware River
and Bay below his province, the Duke of York in March 1682
conveyed, by deeds and leases now exhibited by the Delaware
State Archives in the Hall of Records at Dover, the land
included in the Counties of New Castle, St. Jones, and Deale.
On October 27 of the same year, William Penn landed in America
first at New Castle and there took possession from the Duke of
York's agents as Proprietor of the lower Counties. On this
occasion, the colonists subscribed an oath of allegiance to
the new proprietor, and the first general assembly was held in
the colony. The following year the three Lower Counties were
annexed to the Province of Pennsylvania as territories with
full privileges under Penn's famous "Frame of Government."
Also in this year, the counties of St. Jones and Deale were
renamed Kent and Sussex Counties respectively.
After 1682, a long dispute ensued between William Penn and
Lord Baltimore of the Province of Maryland as to the exact
dominion controlled by Penn on the lower Delaware.
The dispute continued between the heirs of Baltimore and Penn
until almost the end of the colonial period. In 1776 at the
time of the Declaration of Independence, Delaware not only
declared itself free from the British Empire, but also
established a state government entirely separate from
Pennsylvania. Delaware's boundaries were surveyed in 1763-68
by the noted English scientists, Charles Mason and Jeremiah
Dixon.
With the advent to the Revolution nearly 4,000 men enlisted
for service from the small state. The colonial wars had built
up the militia system and supplied a number of capable
officers who led the troops of Delaware in all the principal
engagements from the battle of Long Island to the siege of
Yorktown. The only Revolutionary engagement fought on Delaware
soil was the battle of Cooch's Bridge, near Newark, on
September 3, 1777.
An important stimulus to the recovery of the state's economy
after the war was the invention in 1785 by Oliver Evans of
Newport, Delaware, of automatic flour milling machinery,
revolutionizing the industry.
In the following year, John Dickinson of Delaware presided
over the Annapolis Convention, which called for the Federal
Constitutional Convention, that met in Philadelphia the next
year. When the new Constitution was submitted to the states
for ratification, Delaware was the first of the thirteen
original states to ratify the Constitution of the United
States. This unanimous ratification took place in a convention
of Dover on December 7, 1787, whereby Delaware became "The
First State" of the new Federal Union. Proud of this heritage,
Delawareans continue to honor the traditions which made them
the First State to ratify the United States Constitution, the
document that continues to protect our nation's justice,
strength, and liberty.
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