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Archaeological evidence
shows that Indians lived and hunted in Kentucky as long as
13,000 years ago. Arriving Europeans brought epidemic diseases
that swept through the Native American population. By the
mid-1700s only a handful of native settlements survived in
Kentucky. Native Kentuckians include the Mingo
(Seneca-Iroquois), the Cherokee, and the Shawnee.
Explorers like Dr. Thomas Walker and John Finley in the 1750s
and frontiersmen like Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton in the
1760s gave glowing accounts of the rich land beyond the
mountains. Attracted by the promise of abundant land and game,
settlers flocked through the Cumberland Gap or down the Ohio
River to Kentucky. In 1774, James Harrod constructed the first
permanent settlement at present day Harrodsburg. Fort
Boonesborough was established in 1775, and many other
settlements were created soon after. With the advent of the
American Revolution, British-inspired Indian attacks
continually plagued these pioneer settlements. The last major
Indian raid in Kentucky occurred at the Battle of Blue Licks
in 1782, although small skirmishes and raids would continue
until 1813.
In 1776 Kentucky became a separate county of Virginia, and was
admitted to the union as the fifteenth state on June 1, 1792 -
the first on the western frontier. Kentucky chose to be known
as a commonwealth, meaning government based on the common
consent of the people and dating to the time of Oliver
Cromwell's England. Isaac Shelby, a Revolutionary War hero,
was the first governor, and Frankfort was chosen as the state
capital.
The Commonwealth prospered and agriculture became the economic
mainstay, with tobacco becoming Kentucky's primary cash crop.
Kentucky was also a leading producer of the world's hemp
supply, used for making rope and fiber products. Another
leading crop was corn, the principal ingredient in bourbon
whisky that was developed in Scott County in 1789 by the
Reverend Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister.
Between 1800 and 1860, Kentucky's political leadership gave
the Commonwealth influence in national circles. John Cabell
Breckinridge and Richard M. Johnson both served as Vice
President. John Breckinridge was the first federal cabinet
level member from west of the Appalachians. President Zachary
Taylor, although not a Kentuckian by birth, lived in the state
for many years; and three-time presidential candidate Henry
Clay, known as the "Great Compromiser" gained fame for his
negotiations designed to avert conflict.
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Kentucky was torn apart
by conflicting loyalties. Although Kentucky declared itself a
neutral state, both the Union and Confederate governments
recognized its strategic potential, and both sides recruited
openly. This often led to brother fighting against brother.
Ironically, south-central Kentucky was the birthplace of both
the Union president, Abraham Lincoln, and the Confederate
president, Jefferson Davis. These two great men were born in
log cabins within one year and 100 miles of each other.
Kentucky's most violent Civil War battle took place near
Perryville in 1862 and ended the Confederacy's advance into
Kentucky.
After the Civil War, there was a tremendous increase in
tobacco production in Kentucky due to the decline of the hemp
industry and the development of burley tobacco. Burley tobacco
won acclaim for holding the sweeteners popular in plug tobacco
at the time. Plug tobacco was the most popular tobacco product
until World War I, when blended cigarettes took its place.
Fortunately for Kentucky tobacco farmers, burley was an
important ingredient in both products. Kentucky to this day
remains one of the nation's major burley-producing states.
Raising and racing thoroughbreds also became a lucrative
endeavor, and the Kentucky Derby grew in popularity after the
first race in 1875. Kentucky produces more thoroughbred foals
than any other state in the U.S. - over 8,000 were foaled in
Kentucky in 1996.
Large-scale coal mining in Eastern Kentucky's mountains began
in the early 1900s as the railroads penetrated previously
isolated areas. Louisville became one of the nation's major
trading and industrial centers.
With the advent of World War II, Kentucky began to shift from
an agricultural to an industrial economy, but it was not until
1970 that the state had more urban than rural citizens. Today,
transportation equipment production is Kentucky's largest
revenue-producing industry. With six national areas, 49 state
parks, and hundreds of recreational, natural, historic, and
cultural attractions Kentucky abounds in travel opportunities,
making tourism the state's third largest industry.
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