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Excavations in Massachusetts reveal that the earliest human
inhabitants arrived about 3,000 years ago. The first European
mention of Native Americans dates from about 1500 A.D. The
Native Americans in Massachusetts were mostly from the
Algonquian Nation; tribes included the Massachuset, Nauset, Nipmuc, Pennacook, Pocumtuc, and Wampanoag. Tragically,
diseases brought over by pre-Pilgrim European settlers
decimated the Indians in 1616 and 1617. By 1620, the Pilgrims
found that the Indian population had dropped from 30,000 to
about 7,000.
European history in Massachusetts begins with adventurous
explorers, who roved about the coast of Massachusetts
centuries before the Mayflower made its famous voyage. There
is a legend that Leif Ericson and his Norsemen touched here in
the year 1000, and probably fishermen from France and Spain,
bound for the teeming waters off the Grand Banks, stopped now
and again to cast their nets for cod. In 1497 and 1498 John
Cabot carried through the explorations upon which England
based her original claim to North America. Other occasional
landings were made by voyagers seeking a new route to the
fabled treasures of the exotic East, and occasionally abortive
plans for colonization took vague shape. In 1602 Bartholemew
Gosnold explored the bay and christened Cape Cod for the fish
that swarmed about it. Twelve years later John Smith wrote of
his New England journeyings with a fervor that stirred the
blood of discontented English farmers, describing "Many iles
all planted with corne; groves, mulberries, salvage gardens
and good harbours". A second enthusiast, William Wood, in 1634
contributed his "New England Prospect" to the growing travel
literature of the New World. There was talk in Europe of the
wealth that lay here and the trade that might be established;
but the first important movement toward settlement originated
not in material but in religious aspirations.
The Pilgrims, seeking religious freedom, set sail for North
America in 1620 and established their colony in Plymouth'
which they had chosen under the influence of Smith's A
Description of New England. There they set up a democratic
government in accordance with the terms of the famous
"Mayflower Compact", an agreement binding all to conform to
the will of the majority. In spite of great hardship, the
Pilgrim settlement prospered (the local Wampanoag, including
the English-speaking Squanto and Chief Massasoit, were very
helpful), and in 1621 the first Thanksgiving was observed.
Gradually small fishing and trading stations were established,
notably at Wessagusset (Weymouth), Quincy, and Cape Ann.
More important, however, was the arrival of the Puritans, who
were also determined to find a place where their religious
views and practices would be free from persecution. In 1628 a
shipload of emigrants led by John Endicott left England for
Salem, there to join Roger Conant's band of refugees from the
abandoned fishing station on Cape Ann. The following year a
royal charter was granted to the Massachusetts Bay Company, to
promote the settlement of the territory "from sea to sea" that
had been granted to the Puritans, and to govern its colonies.
The charter given to the Company was the foundation of the
government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It provided for a
General Court which was a single body, of which the Court of
Assistants was an integral part. Later the Court of Assistants
separated from the General Court and became America's first
elected Upper House.
Colonizing When John Winthrop and a large group of Puritans
arrived at Salem in 1630, bearing with them the prized
charter, a self-contained English colony, governed by its own
members, was assured. Winthrop moved from Salem to Charlestown
and thence to Boston, other settlements were founded, and by
1640 the immigrants in Massachusetts numbered 16,000, all
seeking greater opportunity and a free environment for their
dissentient religious views. Many also felt it their mission
to "civilize" the land and its people; the seal of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony shows a Native American saying "Come
Over and Help Us."
The colonizing movement spread rapidly along the coast and
then westward; those who were restless and rebellious against
the rigid rule of the ministers went out into what are now
other New England states, founding towns based upon the
Massachusetts pattern. Small-scale farming was the fundamental
way of earning a living, and compact settlements with outlying
fields grew up around the central green, which is a
characteristic of old New England towns. The long winters gave
leisure for handicraft, and "Yankee ingenuity" first showed
itself in the variety of products the farmers turned out to
supply their own and their neighbor's needs. The most enduring
feature of the community pattern was the town meeting, in
which every taxpayer had equal voice. In evolving that most
democratic of governmental procedures, Massachusetts
contributed greatly to the political development of the
nation.
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