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Early historians record
that in 1623, under the authority of an English land-grant,
Captain John Mason, in conjunction with several others, sent
David Thomson, a Scotsman, and Edward and Thomas Hilton,
fish-merchants of London, with a number of other people in two
divisions to establish a fishing colony in what is now New
Hampshire, at the mouth of the Piscataqua River.
One of these divisions, under Thomson, settled near the
river's mouth at a place they called Little Harbor or "Pannaway,"
now the town of Rye, where they erected salt-drying fish racks
and a "factory" or stone house. The other division under the
Hilton brothers set up their fishing stages on a neck of land
eight miles above, which they called Northam, afterwards named
Dover.
Nine years before that Captain John Smith of England and Later
of Virginia, sailing along the New England coast and inspired
by the charm of our summer shores and the solitude of our
countryside's, wrote back to his countrymen that: "Here should
be no landlords to rack us with high rents, or extorted fines
to consume us. Here every man may be a master of his own labor
and land in a short time. The sea there is the strangest pond
I ever saw. What sport doth yield a more pleasant content and
less hurt or charge than angling with a hook, and crossing the
sweet air from isle to isle over the silent streams of a calm
sea?"
Thus the settlement of New Hampshire did not happen because
those who came here were persecuted out of England. The
occasion, which is one of the great events in the annals of
the English people, was one planned with much care and
earnestness by the English crown and the English parliament.
Here James the first began a colonization project which not
only provided ships and provisions, but free land bestowed
with but one important condition, that it remain always
subject to English sovereignty.
So it remained until the "War of the Revolution." Smith first
named it "North Virginia" but King James later revised this
into "New England." To the map was added the name Portsmouth,
taken from the English town where Captain John Mason was
commander of the fort, and the name New Hampshire is that of
his own English county of Hampshire.
Captain Mason died in 1635, just before his proposed trip to
the new country which he never saw. He had invested more than
twenty-two thousand pounds in clearing the land, building
houses, and preparing for its defense, _ a considerable
fortune for those days. By then Dover and Portsmouth had
expanded into Hampton and Exeter, and its income from fishing
was increased by that from trade in furs and timber.
Taking the idea from the English government, a community of
"towns" was erected, and this became a "royal province" in
1679 with John Cutt as president, with a population intended
to be as nearly like England as it could be. The "royal
province" continued until 1698 when it came under the
jurisdiction of Massachusetts with Joseph Dudley as Governor.
Thus it continued until 1741.
During that time England's throne had been ruled by William
and Mary, Queen Anne, and George I, and New Hampshire was
administered by no less than eight lieutenant governors. There
had been much unrest in England and as a result, to New
Hampshire's advantage, the Scotch settlers of Londonderry in
Ireland had in 1719 sent many of their people here to form a
"Scotch" colony in the new place they would call our own
Londonderry.
Under King George II New Hampshire returned to its provincial
status with a governor of its own, Benning Wentworth, who was
its chief magistrate from 1741 to 1766.
During the first two decades of Governor Wentworth's term New
Hampshire had been beset with Indian troubles. With little aid
from England, then at war with its old-time enemy, France, the
colonists undertook the sieges of Louisbourg, and helped to
reduce Crown Point, and in the conquest of Canada. By the time
of the signing of the Peace of Paris in 1762, and the end of
the Indian fighting under the Rogers Rangers, the entire north
country of New Hampshire was ready to be explored, surveyed,
and populated.
Governor Wentworth who, as if in anticipation of this
opportunity, seems to have been well prepared for it, had
arranged the purchase for the sum of fifteen hundred pounds of
the unauthenticated claims of Robert Mason, heir of Captain
John Mason. This was done through a group of twelve
influential citizens who called themselves the "Masonian
Proprietors." Having done this, the governor kept the land
"within the province."
Governor Wentworth, with all or most of the Masonian
Proprietors as his councilors, then proceeded to grant towns
to prospective settlers as equally as possible. In addition to
the thirty-eight towns already granted, more than a hundred
others followed after the year 1761. These towns contained
lots available to more than thirty thousand families, many
from the older towns in southern New Hampshire and
Massachusetts, but many from other neighboring states. Some of
these towns were located in Vermont, to be released later by a
court order, which made the western shore of the Connecticut
River the state boundary line.
While the new towns were occasionally given the names of the
leading grantees, not a few of them bore the historic names of
English royalty, frequently those of friends and relatives of
Governor Wentworth and his own royal family, the Rockinghams,
in England. Many of the beneficiaries were soldiers who had
fought in the Indian wars, while a few were of Dutch origin,
such as might settle from New York in New Hampshire.
The terms of the grants were simple. The Proprietors could
convey only the soil, while the political rights and powers of
government came from the province. Provision was made that no
land should be subject to taxation or assessment until
improved by those holding the titles. Rights were reserved for
land for roads, churches and schools, to be built within a
definite period of time, for the use of ministers and in many
cases for mill-rights. Fees were nominal, often only a
shilling or an ear of corn a year. All tall pines should be
saved for the King's navy.
Benning Wentworth died in 1770. He was succeeded by his nephew
who later became Sir John Wentworth, the last of the royal
governors. He is perhaps best known because of his purchase of
a thirty six mile tract of land on the shore of Lake
Winnipesaukee where he established an estate known as
Kingswood. It afterward become Wolfeborough.
Governor Sir John Wentworth's beneficial acts to the state
included the building of roads, including one from Portsmouth
to Kingswood; publishing the first accurate state map;
organizing the State militia, a member of which was Major
Benjamin Thompson of Concord who afterward became known as
Count Rumford; his help in founding Dartmouth College; and the
building of Wentworth House, now owned by the State. Loyal to
the English crown, he embarked for Nova Scotia at the
beginning of the Revolution, there to become its lieutenant
governor until his death in 1820.
A pre-Revolution event occurring in New Hampshire was the
removal in 1774, by a small party of patriots at New Castle,
of the powder and guns at Fort William and Mary. Other
Revolutionary events included New Hampshire's participation in
the Battle of Bunker Hill at which nearly all the troops doing
the actual fighting were said to have been from this State;
the signing of the Declaration of Independence by New
Hampshire's Josiah Bartlett, Matthew Thornton, and William
Whipple; General John Stark's victory at the Battle of
Bennington; and the success of Captain John Paul Jones at sea.
Just as it was the first to declare its independence and adopt
its own constitution, New Hampshire was the ninth and deciding
state in accepting the National Constitution as that of a
republic, never to be known under any other form of
government. New Hampshire's John Langdon was the first acting
vice-president of the United States, and was President of the
Senate when Washington was elected first president.
Many events have helped to individualize New Hampshire's
unique history as the decades have followed each other down to
the present time. Both Washington and Lafayette passed within
our borders. Meshech Weare was elected the first state
"president". Morey's Connecticut River steam-boat preceded
Fulton's by seventeen years. An American President, Franklin
Pierce, and a Vice-president, Henry Wilson, were elected, both
from New Hampshire. Daniel Webster won his famous Dartmouth
College case before the Supreme Court. The first American
public library was established at Peterborough. The
world-recognized "Concord Coach" was made here, as was
America's first cog-railroad to Mount Washington dating 1869.
Statesmen, educators, inventors, preachers, scientists,
explorers, authors, industrialists, engineers, lawyers,
diplomats, are all arrayed in the long line of notables New
Hampshire claims as coming from her soil
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