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The human history of what is
now called South Carolina goes back more than 11,000 years
when the first Americans migrated into the region, fanned out,
and began to develop the individual tribal characteristics
encountered by the first European explorers. By the end of the
15th century, South Carolina was the home territory for a wide
variety of distinct tribal cultures. The influence of these
"first" Carolinians survives in their many names for rivers
and geographical features which have been absorbed into our
modern English.
Spanish explorers were sailing along the present-day South
Carolina coast less than 30 years after Europeans discovered
America. In 1526, the Spanish made the first attempt at
establishing a settlement in the state on Winyah Bay, near
what is now the city of Georgetown. A severe winter, Indian
attacks, and disease forced them to abandon their ambitious
project.
In 1562, a group of French Huguenots landed at a site near the
present-day Parris Island Marine Corps Base near Beaufort. Led
by Jean Ribaut, the French were almost successful in
establishing a permanent settlement. Ribaut, however had to go
back to France, and when his return to the colony was delayed,
the settlers thought they had been deserted. With the help of
the Indians, they built a craft and sailed for home. The boat,
however, became becalmed and everyone was in danger of
starvation when a passing English ship rescued them.
It remained for the lords proprietors, the eight nobles who
were given the Carolinas by King Charles II, to succeed in
establishing the first permanent European settlement. In 1670,
the English arrived at Albermarle point and ten years later
moved across the Ashley River to the present site of
Charleston.
From the very beginning of European settlement in South
Carolina, black servants and slaves were brought into the
colony to clear the land and work the crops. This introduction
of slavery would forever shape the history and culture of
South Carolina. For much of its early history, South Carolina
was, in fact, a black majority community.
By the mid-1700s, new townships were developing inland as
well. The German, Scots-Irish and Welsh settlers were a
different kind of people by inclination and background from
the planter class of the tidewater area.
With the influx of pioneers from other areas, the Upcountry
people of the Piedmont Plateau began to develop governmental
ideas along the same lines as their neighbors in the
Lowcountry or Coastal Plain region. Although all of the
settlers were required to pay taxes to the state, only the
Lowcountry residents who made up the landed aristocracy and
were in firm control of the government had actual
representation before 1770.
South Carolinians were leaders in the resistance to the Stamp
Act and took and active part in the American Revolution, with
at least 299 battles and skirmishes fought here. The initial
overt act of the Revolution occurred in South Carolina at Fort
Charlotte in McCormick County on July 12, 1775. This was the
first British property seized by force by American
Revolutionary forces. The first decisive victory of the war
involving land and naval forces was won at Fort Moultrie, near
Charleston. The battles of Kings Mountain (1780) and Cowpens
(1781) are considered by many historians to be the turning
points in the Revolution.
On May 23, 1788, South Carolina became the eighth state to
ratify the Constitution. By the early 19th century, talk of
secession mounted proportionately with rising tariffs. The
touchy situation led to the state's adoption of the
nullification method of dealing with unpopular Federal laws.
Originated by John C. Calhoun, a South Carolinian, this
innovation figured prominently in the 1833 compromise on
tariff regulations in time to avert actual warfare.
Over the next twenty years, however, white South Carolinians
felt increasingly threatened and isolated by a rapidly
industrializing and expanding nation. Efforts on all sides to
avoid conflict failed and on December 20, 1860, in Charleston,
the Ordinance of Secession was passed, making South Carolina
the first state to secede from the Union. The federally
garrisoned Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, fell soon after
to the Confederates and remained in their hands until the
evacuation of Charleston in 1865.
That same year, General Sherman left a scorched-earth trail
from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia, then through South
Carolina, burning Columbia as he returned north.
Post-war South Carolina was in a ruinous condition and the
state was occupied by federal troops until after the election
of Wade Hampton as governor in 1876. With the withdrawal of
federal troops by President Hayes in 1877, the traditional
white elite returned to power and black South Carolinians
found themselves once again relegated to second class status.
But no political action could undo the physical damage of the
war, and South Carolina continued to suffer economically for
decades.
In the 1880's, the textile industry began to flourish in the
state, It was not until after World War II, however, that
South Carolina began pulling out of the economic depths to
which it had sunk. Today, the state is a leader in the
manufacturing and tourism industries and has a diversified
economy. Numerous giant industrial companies, both domestic
and foreign, have plants in South Carolina and the state is
rapidly regaining the place of prominence it formerly held in
the nation.
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